The Burden of Voting in the 2019 Canadian Federal Election

Appendix E

Table 1: The turnout gap between young and older voters
(OLS estimations)

Certain to Vote	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
18-24	-0.151***	-0.098***	-0.098***	-0.048***
	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.008)	(0.008)
25-34	-0.060***	-0.049***	-0.040***	-0.018**
	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)
35-44	-0.030***	-0.033***	-0.024***	-0.017***
	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.005)
55-64	0.046***	0.048***	0.017**	0.010
	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.005)
65+	0.086***	0.085***	0.025***	0.014*
	(0.006)	(0.008)	(0.007)	(0.007)
Female	-	-0.019***	0.012***	0.015***
	-	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Racial Minority	-	-0.066***	-0.053***	-0.042***
	-	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Other Language	-	0.006	0.022*	0.019
	-	(0.011)	(0.010)	(0.010)
Foreign Born	-	-0.035***	-0.031***	-0.028***
	-	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.005)
Prairies	-	0.033***	0.027***	0.024***
	-	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.005)
BC	-	-0.002	0.006	0.010
	-	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.005)
Atlantic	-	-0.025**	-0.001	-0.001
	-	(0.008)	(0.007)	(0.007)
Territories	-	-0.067**	-0.051*	-0.053**
	-	(0.023)	(0.021)	(0.020)
Quebec	-	-0.003	0.014**	0.017***
	-	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Low Education	-	-0.086***	-0.042***	-0.039***
	-	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.005)
High Education	-	0.041***	0.005	0.005
	-	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Low Income	-	-0.060***	-0.034***	-0.017**
	-	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.005)
High Income	-	0.041***	0.018***	0.012**
	-	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Unemployed	-	-0.048***	-0.036***	-0.028**
	-	(0.011)	(0.010)	(0.009)
Student	-	0.033**	0.012	0.017
	-	(0.012)	(0.011)	(0.010)
Retired	-	0.003	0.004	0.005
	-	(0.007)	(0.006)	(0.006)
Caregiver	-	-0.063***	-0.042***	-0.037***
	-	(0.011)	(0.010)	(0.010)
Other	-	-0.030**	-0.035***	-0.012
	-	(0.011)	(0.010)	(0.009)
Not Married	-	-0.026***	-0.021***	-0.018***
	-	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Moved	-	-0.034***	-0.031***	-0.011*
	-	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.005)
Interest in Politics	-	-	0.329***	0.267***
	-	-	(0.007)	(0.007)
Duty	-	-	0.244***	0.219***
	-	-	(0.004)	(0.004)
Party ID	-	-	0.067***	0.038***
	-	-	(0.004)	(0.004)
Register	-	-	-	-0.125***
	-	-	-	(0.006)
Decision	-	-	-	-0.040***
	-	-	-	(0.002)
Polling Station	-	-	-	-0.084***
	-	-	-	(0.003)
Casting a Ballot	-	-	-	-0.049***
	-	-	-	(0.004)
Constant	0.830***	0.855***	0.404***	0.553***
	(0.004)	(0.006)	(0.008)	(0.008)
Observations	39285	39285	39285	39285
R2	0.030	0.072	0.240	0.297

Standard errors in parentheses
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

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