The Burden of Voting in the 2019 Canadian Federal Election
Appendix D
Reported Vote | (1) | (2) | (3) |
---|---|---|---|
18-24 | 0.034** | 0.032** | 0.031** |
(0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | |
25-34 | 0.014 | 0.013 | 0.014 |
(0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | |
35-44 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.012 |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |
55-64 | 0.019** | 0.019** | 0.020** |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |
65+ | 0.024** | 0.024** | 0.026** |
(0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | |
Female | 0.014** | 0.015*** | 0.014** |
(0.005) | (0.004) | (0.004) | |
Racial Minority | -0.018** | -0.018** | -0.018** |
(0.006) | (0.006) | (0.006) | |
Other Language | 0.038** | 0.038** | 0.041** |
(0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | |
Foreign Born | -0.008 | -0.008 | -0.009 |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |
Prairies | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.008 |
(0.006) | (0.006) | (0.006) | |
BC | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.005 |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |
Atlantic | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.009 |
(0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | |
Territories | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.008 |
(0.027) | (0.027) | (0.027) | |
Quebec | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
(0.006) | (0.006) | (0.006) | |
Low Education | -0.029*** | -0.028*** | -0.028*** |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |
High Education | 0.024*** | 0.024*** | 0.024*** |
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
Low Income | -0.025*** | -0.024** | -0.024** |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |
High Income | 0.012* | 0.013* | 0.013* |
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
Unemployed | -0.021 | -0.021 | -0.021 |
(0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | |
Student | 0.033* | 0.032* | 0.033* |
(0.015) | (0.015) | (0.015) | |
Retired | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.011 |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |
Caregiver | -0.030* | -0.028* | -0.029* |
(0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | |
Other | -0.012 | -0.010 | -0.010 |
(0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | |
Not Married | -0.012* | -0.011* | -0.012* |
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
Moved | -0.024*** | -0.024*** | -0.024*** |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |
Register | -0.092*** | -0.104*** | -0.117*** |
(0.008) | (0.017) | (0.012) | |
Decision | -0.011*** | -0.051*** | -0.038*** |
(0.003) | (0.006) | (0.005) | |
Polling Station | -0.024*** | -0.035** | -0.036*** |
(0.005) | (0.012) | (0.008) | |
Casting a Ballot | -0.024*** | -0.077*** | -0.055*** |
(0.005) | (0.012) | (0.009) | |
Interest in Politics | 0.115*** | 0.016 | 0.111*** |
(0.009) | (0.013) | (0.009) | |
Duty | 0.107*** | 0.105*** | 0.043*** |
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.008) | |
Party ID | 0.015** | 0.018*** | 0.015** |
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
Register × Interest in Politics | - | 0.028 | - |
- | (0.026) | - | |
Decision × Interest in Politics | - | 0.060*** | - |
- | (0.009) | - | |
Polling Station × Interest in Politics | - | 0.017 | - |
- | (0.016) | - | |
Casting a Ballot × Interest in Politics | - | 0.085*** | - |
- | (0.017) | - | |
Duty × Register | - | - | 0.054*** |
- | - | (0.016) | |
Duty × Decision | - | - | 0.037*** |
- | - | (0.006) | |
Duty × Polling Station | - | - | 0.021* |
- | - | (0.010) | |
Duty × Casting a Ballot | - | - | 0.047*** |
- | - | (0.010) | |
Constant | 0.749*** | 0.822*** | 0.801*** |
(0.011) | (0.013) | (0.012) | |
Observations | 14695 | 14695 | 14695 |
R2 | 0.117 | 0.125 | 0.125 |
Standard errors in parentheses
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Certain to Vote | (1) | (2) | (3) |
---|---|---|---|
18-24 | -0.048*** | -0.048*** | -0.049*** |
(0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | |
25-34 | -0.018** | -0.018** | -0.019*** |
(0.006) | (0.006) | (0.006) | |
35-44 | -0.017*** | -0.018*** | -0.017** |
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
55-64 | 0.010 | 0.012* | 0.011* |
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
65+ | 0.014* | 0.017* | 0.016* |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |
Female | 0.015*** | 0.016*** | 0.015*** |
(0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | |
Racial Minority | -0.042*** | -0.043*** | -0.043*** |
(0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | |
Other Language | 0.019 | 0.018 | 0.020* |
(0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |
Foreign Born | -0.028*** | -0.028*** | -0.029*** |
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
Prairies | 0.024*** | 0.024*** | 0.023*** |
(0.005) | (0.004) | (0.004) | |
BC | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.008 |
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
Atlantic | -0.001 | -0.002 | -0.002 |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |
Territories | -0.053** | -0.055** | -0.051* |
(0.020) | (0.020) | (0.020) | |
Quebec | 0.017*** | 0.017*** | 0.013** |
(0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | |
Low Education | -0.039*** | -0.038*** | -0.038*** |
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
High Education | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.004 |
(0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | |
Low Income | -0.017** | -0.016** | -0.017** |
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
High Income | 0.012** | 0.013*** | 0.013*** |
(0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | |
Unemployed | -0.028** | -0.028** | -0.025** |
(0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | |
Student | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.017 |
(0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |
Retired | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.005 |
(0.006) | (0.006) | (0.006) | |
Caregiver | -0.037*** | -0.036*** | -0.035*** |
(0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |
Other | -0.012 | -0.012 | -0.011 |
(0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | |
Not Married | -0.018*** | -0.018*** | -0.019*** |
(0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | |
Moved | -0.011* | -0.011* | -0.011* |
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
Register | -0.125*** | -0.105*** | -0.112*** |
(0.006) | (0.012) | (0.008) | |
Decision | -0.040*** | -0.083*** | -0.102*** |
(0.002) | (0.005) | (0.004) | |
Polling Station | -0.084*** | -0.148*** | -0.109*** |
(0.003) | (0.008) | (0.006) | |
Casting a Ballot | -0.049*** | -0.100*** | -0.068*** |
(0.004) | (0.009) | (0.006) | |
Interest in Politics | 0.267*** | 0.136*** | 0.260*** |
(0.007) | (0.010) | (0.007) | |
Duty | 0.219*** | 0.215*** | 0.109*** |
(0.004) | (0.004) | (0.006) | |
Party ID | 0.038*** | 0.042*** | 0.041*** |
(0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | |
Register × Interest in Politics | - | -0.019 | - |
- | (0.017) | - | |
Decision × Interest in Politics | - | 0.061*** | - |
- | (0.006) | - | |
Polling Station × Interest in Politics | - | 0.097*** | - |
- | (0.011) | - | |
Casting a Ballot # Interest in Politics | - | 0.081*** | - |
- | (0.012) | - | |
Duty × Register | - | - | -0.002 |
- | - | (0.011) | |
Duty × Decision | - | - | 0.084*** |
- | - | (0.004) | |
Duty × Polling Station | - | - | 0.041*** |
- | - | (0.007) | |
Duty × Casting a Ballot | - | - | 0.030*** |
- | - | (0.007) | |
Constant | 0.553*** | 0.650*** | 0.641*** |
(0.008) | (0.010) | (0.009) | |
Observations | 39285 | 39285 | 39285 |
R2 | 0.297 | 0.305 | 0.309 |
Standard errors in parentheses
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001