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The Burden of Voting in the 2019 Canadian Federal Election

Appendix D

Table 1: The impact of socio-demographic characteristics, burdens and motivations on reported vote
(OLS estimations)
Reported Vote (1) (2) (3)
18-24 0.034** 0.032** 0.031**
(0.012) (0.012) (0.012)
25-34 0.014 0.013 0.014
(0.008) (0.008) (0.008)
35-44 0.011 0.011 0.012
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
55-64 0.019** 0.019** 0.020**
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
65+ 0.024** 0.024** 0.026**
(0.009) (0.009) (0.009)
Female 0.014** 0.015*** 0.014**
(0.005) (0.004) (0.004)
Racial Minority -0.018** -0.018** -0.018**
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Other Language 0.038** 0.038** 0.041**
(0.013) (0.013) (0.013)
Foreign Born -0.008 -0.008 -0.009
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
Prairies 0.010 0.009 0.008
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
BC 0.006 0.006 0.005
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
Atlantic 0.011 0.010 0.009
(0.009) (0.009) (0.009)
Territories 0.007 0.005 0.008
(0.027) (0.027) (0.027)
Quebec 0.004 0.004 0.002
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Low Education -0.029*** -0.028*** -0.028***
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
High Education 0.024*** 0.024*** 0.024***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Low Income -0.025*** -0.024** -0.024**
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
High Income 0.012* 0.013* 0.013*
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Unemployed -0.021 -0.021 -0.021
(0.013) (0.013) (0.013)
Student 0.033* 0.032* 0.033*
(0.015) (0.015) (0.015)
Retired 0.011 0.011 0.011
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
Caregiver -0.030* -0.028* -0.029*
(0.013) (0.013) (0.013)
Other -0.012 -0.010 -0.010
(0.013) (0.013) (0.013)
Not Married -0.012* -0.011* -0.012*
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Moved -0.024*** -0.024*** -0.024***
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
Register -0.092*** -0.104*** -0.117***
(0.008) (0.017) (0.012)
Decision -0.011*** -0.051*** -0.038***
(0.003) (0.006) (0.005)
Polling Station -0.024*** -0.035** -0.036***
(0.005) (0.012) (0.008)
Casting a Ballot -0.024*** -0.077*** -0.055***
(0.005) (0.012) (0.009)
Interest in Politics 0.115*** 0.016 0.111***
(0.009) (0.013) (0.009)
Duty 0.107*** 0.105*** 0.043***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.008)
Party ID 0.015** 0.018*** 0.015**
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Register × Interest in Politics - 0.028 -
- (0.026) -
Decision × Interest in Politics - 0.060*** -
- (0.009) -
Polling Station × Interest in Politics - 0.017 -
- (0.016) -
Casting a Ballot × Interest in Politics - 0.085*** -
- (0.017) -
Duty × Register - - 0.054***
- - (0.016)
Duty × Decision - - 0.037***
- - (0.006)
Duty × Polling Station - - 0.021*
- - (0.010)
Duty × Casting a Ballot - - 0.047***
- - (0.010)
Constant 0.749*** 0.822*** 0.801***
(0.011) (0.013) (0.012)
Observations 14695 14695 14695
R2 0.117 0.125 0.125

Standard errors in parentheses
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Table 2: The impact of socio-demographic characteristics, burdens and motivations on intention to vote
(OLS estimations)
Certain to Vote (1) (2) (3)
18-24 -0.048*** -0.048*** -0.049***
(0.008) (0.008) (0.008)
25-34 -0.018** -0.018** -0.019***
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
35-44 -0.017*** -0.018*** -0.017**
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
55-64 0.010 0.012* 0.011*
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
65+ 0.014* 0.017* 0.016*
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
Female 0.015*** 0.016*** 0.015***
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003)
Racial Minority -0.042*** -0.043*** -0.043***
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Other Language 0.019 0.018 0.020*
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010)
Foreign Born -0.028*** -0.028*** -0.029***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Prairies 0.024*** 0.024*** 0.023***
(0.005) (0.004) (0.004)
BC 0.010 0.009 0.008
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Atlantic -0.001 -0.002 -0.002
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
Territories -0.053** -0.055** -0.051*
(0.020) (0.020) (0.020)
Quebec 0.017*** 0.017*** 0.013**
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Low Education -0.039*** -0.038*** -0.038***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
High Education 0.005 0.005 0.004
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Low Income -0.017** -0.016** -0.017**
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
High Income 0.012** 0.013*** 0.013***
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Unemployed -0.028** -0.028** -0.025**
(0.009) (0.009) (0.009)
Student 0.017 0.016 0.017
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010)
Retired 0.005 0.004 0.005
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Caregiver -0.037*** -0.036*** -0.035***
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010)
Other -0.012 -0.012 -0.011
(0.009) (0.009) (0.009)
Not Married -0.018*** -0.018*** -0.019***
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Moved -0.011* -0.011* -0.011*
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Register -0.125*** -0.105*** -0.112***
(0.006) (0.012) (0.008)
Decision -0.040*** -0.083*** -0.102***
(0.002) (0.005) (0.004)
Polling Station -0.084*** -0.148*** -0.109***
(0.003) (0.008) (0.006)
Casting a Ballot -0.049*** -0.100*** -0.068***
(0.004) (0.009) (0.006)
Interest in Politics 0.267*** 0.136*** 0.260***
(0.007) (0.010) (0.007)
Duty 0.219*** 0.215*** 0.109***
(0.004) (0.004) (0.006)
Party ID 0.038*** 0.042*** 0.041***
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Register × Interest in Politics - -0.019 -
- (0.017) -
Decision × Interest in Politics - 0.061*** -
- (0.006) -
Polling Station × Interest in Politics - 0.097*** -
- (0.011) -
Casting a Ballot # Interest in Politics - 0.081*** -
- (0.012) -
Duty × Register - - -0.002
- - (0.011)
Duty × Decision - - 0.084***
- - (0.004)
Duty × Polling Station - - 0.041***
- - (0.007)
Duty × Casting a Ballot - - 0.030***
- - (0.007)
Constant 0.553*** 0.650*** 0.641***
(0.008) (0.010) (0.009)
Observations 39285 39285 39285
R2 0.297 0.305 0.309

Standard errors in parentheses
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001